Tuesday, November 26, 2019
Kurds Identity
Kurds Identity What do we know about Kurds? Read about Kurds identity in this article. Hashtag: #CizreUnderAttack Kurds Identity Before the 1980s, little was known about the Kurds, a large ethnic group living in southeastern Turkey, due to the lack of academic institutions to fund and coordinate research, and other barriers. For instance, as the existence of a Kurdish nation in Turkey was traditionally ignored and being pursued as an official policy, the Turkish government limits the scope of studies on all aspects of Kurdish life. Academic debate and research were also severely suppressed by the hegemonic representation of the Kurds in the state’s discourse as a case of separatism, terrorism, and so on. Moreover, since the basis of this hegemonic representation was a state-sponsored classified research, it prevented researchers from questioning the officially recognized representation of the Kurds or engage in issues related to Kurdish society and culture. However, when the Kurdish national movement emerged and political activism in Turkey increased in the 1980s, studies addressing various issues and focusing on aspects of Kurdish society and politics were freely carried out and published. Some of these studies focus on Kurds origin and identity while others are more interested in conflict analysis, re-emergence, and evolution of Kurdish nationalism. As a stateless people who have been exposed to oppression, suffering, subordination, and forced migration, Kurds history, and origin, according to the literature relates to their struggles to gain independence and freedom. For this reason, the main components of Kurds identity include their homeland, the memory of the past, shared experiences, language, and national symbols. Their homeland, according to the literature is â€Å"Kurdistan†, a territory delineated by the Allies after World War I. Kurdistan consist of a two hundred thousand square miles of mountainous expanse and some 550,000 square kilometers of land spanning the present state boundaries of Turkey, Syria, Iraq, Iran, Armenia, and Azerbaijan. However, there are no internationally recognized Kurdistan territories and the term â€Å"Kurdistan†has been banned in Turkey since the 1920s. Yasar Kemal Is a Master of Word The delineation of Kurdistan resulted to the dispersal of the Kurds into nearby territories where they need to cope with varying socio-political and cultural conditions imposed on them. The dispersion in a way negates the possibility for the Kurds to have a fixed and essentialist Kurdish identity. Although most Kurds consider themselves as descendants of the ancient Medes, researchers view of Kurds identity still revolved around the demarcation of their homeland due to lack of written historical sources that could link them to ancient periods. Kurdish Nationalism Kurdish nationalism according to literature is one the most controversial and critical predicaments in the Middle East. For instance, since there are about 20 to 25 million Kurds live mostly in Turkey, Iraq, Iran, and Syria, Kurds effort to establish their own state not only resulted in numerous clashes with the government of the states in which the Kurds reside but claimed tens of thousands of lives. However, despite being a direct threat to the territorial integrity of the above states, the nature and origin of Kurdish nationalism remain unexplained and poorly studied. As a political ideology, Kurdish nationalism is inspired by collective identities, traditions, self-awareness, and imagined communities. In 1878 for instance, the Kurds who rebelled against the Ottoman Empire and invaded the Urmia region in Iran used the term â€Å"Kurdish nation†and expressed the need to unify the Kurds and create a Kurdish state. A Kurdish poet, on the other hand, edited and republished an epic poem in 1695 containing expressions of an independent Kurdish identity and the need for a Kurdish ruler. Similarly, â€Å"Kurdistan†, the first newspaper in the Kurdish language published in Cairo in 1898 was a step toward Kurdish self-awareness or awakening possibly leading the creation of a Kurdish state. The Fall of the Ottoman Empire Tells Us about Modern Events The Kurdish question in Turkey is still defined by the separatist tracks of Kurdish nationalism, but with less radical inkling and seeks cultural recognition and political equality within the confines of democracy. In fact, many scholars believed that since violent demands for recognition is often met with equally violent Turkish strategies, Kurdish nationalism needs to be decoupled from ethnic violence and essentialism.
Saturday, November 23, 2019
Guide to Past Simple and Past Continuous Verb Tenses
Guide to Past Simple and Past Continuous Verb Tenses There are two principal past tenses used to make general statements about the past: The past simple and the past continuous. The two tenses are quite different. Use the past simple to talk about an event which happened at some point in time in the past. Tom flew to Chicago last week.Peter visited his friends in Florida two months ago. If you are a teacher, use this guide on how to teach the past simple tense for more help. The past continuous is usually used to refer to events happening at the same time that something important happened in the past. They were doing their homework when she arrived.Jack was studying while Dave was cooking dinner. The past continuous is also used to express what was happening at a precise moment in the past. I was attending a lecture at 2.30 yesterday afternoon.Alice was reading a book at six yesterday evening. If you are a teacher, use this guide on how to teach the past continuous tense for more help. Past Simple Structure Positive Subject Verb ed OR Irregular Past Form Objects I, You, He, She, We, They played golf yesterday afternoon.I, You, He, She, We, They went lunch at noon. Negative Subject did not (didnt) Verb Objects I, You, He, She, We, They didnt go on vacation last summer. Subject did not (doesnt) Verb Objects Questions (Why, What, etc.) did Subject Verb Objects? Did I, you, we, they attend the meeting last week? Past Continuous Structure Positive Subject conjugate the helping verb be verb -ing. I was, You were, He was, She was, We were, You were, They were watching TV when I arrived. Negative Subject conjugate the helping verb be not verb -ing. I wasnt, You werent, He wasnt, She wasnt, We werent, You werent, They werent working when he came into the room. Questions Question word conjugate the helping verb be subject verb -ing What were you, they doing at seven oclock?What was I, he, she doing at seven oclock? More Guides for Past Simple These guides were prepared especially for beginners and include dialogues and a short quiz. Past simple with the verb to be for beginnersPast simple with regular and irregular verbs for beginners Teach a Lesson About the Past Simple and Past Continuous Here are lessons on the site which focus on the past simple or past continuous and their use with other tenses.Then - Now - integration lesson for upper-level students.Time Expressions - past simple and present perfect compared and contrasted.Integrating Past Continuous - integrating past continuous into writing.Guilty! - communication lesson using a variety of past tenses. Activities With the Past Simple and Past Continuous Some activities that will help you practice: What Were You Doing? - Use of the past continuous in combination with the past simple.A Holiday in Italy - Describing a past holiday.Time Expressions and Tenses.
Thursday, November 21, 2019
Somatization Disorder Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words
Somatization Disorder - Research Paper Example The ‘somatic’ symptoms that characterize the condition cause impairment, which impedes normal functioning and could cause significant distress. Hysteria is not common in the general populace. However, the condition occurs in 0.2% of males and 0.2% to 2% of females (Lichstein, 1986). Research has proven variation in occurrence, which is attributable to cultural differences. For example, the condition is significantly prevalent in Puerto Rico when compared to other regions (Glorisa et al. 2000). Approximately 10% to 20% percent of first-degree female relatives have the disorder, whereas; the male relatives exhibit heightened levels of sociopathy and alcoholism. Epidemiological studies also show that there is co-morbidity with other conditions of a psychological nature such as anxiety disorders, mood disorders and personality disorders such as dependent, narcissistic, borderline, avoidant, histrionic and antisocial personality disorders (Robert & Gold, 2008). Patients with somatization disorder display various physical complaints which may last for years. This complaint often includes chronic pain and problems in the reproductive, nervous and digestive systems. Stress has been found to worsen the problem and the symptoms often interfere with both relationships and work as patients seek medical attention (Lichstein, 1986). Diagnosis and other evaluations do not explain the symptoms or they may exceed expectations when compared to any medical illness of a similar nature that may be found. Symptom categories that may be experienced include: Somatization disorder starts prior to age 30 and is more prevalent among women than in men. The condition often affects people with chronic pain and irritable bowel syndrome. Somatisation disorder was in the past thought to relate to emotional stress, and the resultant pain was dismissed as a creation of the mind (Pribor et al. 1993).
Tuesday, November 19, 2019
Consepts in political science Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words
Consepts in political science - Essay Example This also implies that democracy could also create tyrants out of the majority, since it would be expected that they would be able to give representations as to what the public needs, without having to answer for any from the minorities. Thus, while the democracy in America during Tocqueville’s time may have been borne out of the need for changes, there was still more work to be needed. Due to this view, he was able to generate the idea that democracy is a dynamic concept, which has no stopping at any point, and is constantly remodeled and reformulated to suit the needs of the people (Hoffman and Graham 140). In line with democracy, other principles such as self-accountability in maintaining peace and order in a society were also developed. One of the most influential essays to be written, Mill’s work On Liberty discusses the main premise that freedom must start from the happiness, or intended pleasure of the people (Hoffman and Graham 40). Identifying with this kind of freedom would make sure that the peace and order within a group of people would be maintained, since the citizens experiencing liberty are expected to be satisfied and content. Also, by implementing such humane principles of freedom, the lives of human beings grow into a distinct and separate existence from animals (Hoffman and Graham 41). In Mill’s belief, in order to be fully recognized as a rational human being, the ability to think, express ideas, and to live as one chooses to without doing any intended harm would be the ultimate expression of freedom (Hoffman and Graham 41). While Mill’s definition of freedom and liberty may seem at most utopian, this kind of freedom would only be effective if it is rightfully exercised, without the... In this essay, three ideas of well-known writers of political ideas, John Stuart Mill, Alexis de Tocqueville, and John Rawls will be discussed, as well as the federalist ideas of a group of writers under the pen name Publius would be summarized. The impact of their ideas or the possible influence in affecting the participation of citizens in politics would also be integrated in the course of the analysis. Democracy as seen from a foreigner’s viewpoint can be read in Alexis de Tocqueville’s book titled Democracy in America. Coming from a country where political power was previously owned by the aristocrats, Tocqueville wanted to see how a country such as the United State would be implementing democracy despite having not many leaders with deep political roots. In line with democracy, other principles such as self-accountability in maintaining peace and order in a society were also developed. In Mill’s belief, in order to be fully recognized as a rational human bei ng, the ability to think, express ideas, and to live as one chooses to without doing any intended harm would be the ultimate expression of freedom. In his book, A Theory of Justice, Rawls presented methods on how to distribute resources to all of the citizens as equally as possible. In conclusion, the essay reminds that in defining democracy as a political method, politicians are elected based on the number of votes. The main role of the people is to select the candidate whom they see as the most appropriate in the position (Hoffman and Graham 107).
Sunday, November 17, 2019
Trial By the Mirror Essay Example for Free
Trial By the Mirror Essay â€Å"Underneath the shadows of the other side of time If there is a hell then there must be a behind†-Insane Clown Posse, â€Å"Echo Side†           She is led into the room by two strong men, plump and middle age. The dark blonde hair quivers as she sobs. Her legs tremble and give way, and her eyes, fallen in deeply an a face that was formerly round, are pleading. She is flopped down onto the chair designated for those condemned to the Highest Measure, and looks at us, holding clenched hands to her mouth.            We – Nikolas and I – look at her indifferently.            â€Å"Marjorie Penant. Nickolas states.            She nods numbly.            â€Å"You have killed†He starts repeating her sentence to her. We are required to do it. Psychological torture it may be, but its part of the common procedure now. Something required before we finish our job. It is difficult otherwise, to            â€Å"I have killed no one!†Her voice rings out suddenly, kicking my train of thought off track. Damn condemned!            Yet this just may have been worth interrupting my musings for a moment. Most condemned lose all sense of will before the Highest Measure. She stands now, shaking not with fear, but with rage. Nikolas nods slightly, his perpetual boredom somewhat alleviated. Interesting – and it would seem its my turn to speak.            â€Å"Really?†Only one word. I know my voice is darkly musical. This is my gift, my power, so to speak.            The word echoes almost visibly through her body, making her consider and reconsider, invoking into her things that she might not want to remember, as forceful as the call of hunger after many days of starvation. She covers her ears, and stands erect for a couple of seconds, only to fall to the floor with a shriek. â€Å"N-no!!!†           My lips curl into a smirk. As expected. Ninety-nine percent of humans cant stand my voice sBut whats this?            â€Å"I Killed Nobody†She grunts through clenched teeth. â€Å"Ive Killed NOBODY!†           I cast a glance at Nikolas, who calmly continues reading her sentence. â€Å"You have killed three children, by exposing them to Matters of the Soul early.†           She raises a tear-stained face, and her voice is strangely clear, as she pronounces: â€Å"I. Killed. Not. One. Of. Them.†She sits up with obvious difficulty. â€Å"Your system did.†           â€Å"You went against it. And took them with you.†Nikolas says calmly.            â€Å"Because its nonsense!†She says sharply.            I raise an eyebrow calmly. Looks like I was mistaken in my first impression. She is not the simpleton she initially looked to be. I had even wondered why she earned her measure. I no longer wonder.            â€Å"Really?†You are despicable – this is what my voice says this time. You decided their fates, and their deaths are only your fault. You should cry with relief that we are a humane society and merely killed them – not did what we are going to do to you. Be self-contemptuous, be afraid, be dead – my voice commands it all.            â€Å"Nonsense!†She gasps stubbornly. â€Å"Th The soul Isnt something to be taken away by the likes of you!!†           â€Å"Pedagogue.†Nikolas says calmly. â€Å"Parts of the soul are shown as a human being gets older. Gradually. It does no harm this way.†           â€Å"And destroys our humanity!†She says proudly.            So typical of the old-style humanists. Nikolas looks to me. â€Å"Laas?†           â€Å"You destroy it yourself.†I add calmly. â€Å"Was it not you who cried for your life a minute ago?†           â€Å"I cried for the lives of my children.†She replies dryly. â€Å"Not for my own. It is in no danger.†           â€Å"You have been condemned to meeting yourself.†Nikolas finishes the sentence. And then adds; â€Å"You are wrong when you think your life is in no danger. You have been through meeting with parts of your soul.†           â€Å"And they have taught me much.†She raises her chin proudly.            â€Å"The shadows do not teach.†I frown. â€Å"They take away.†           She looks upon me with an expression I have not seen since my initiation. It is pity. â€Å"Then you were unable to cope with their lessons. As the fourth child was unable to cope with mine. And it will kill you. As it killed them.†           â€Å"And you.†I reply.            â€Å"No.†She says simply. â€Å"Go on. I want no other last words.†           I and Nikolas silently lead her to the silver arch. She is left under it, as we walk to the sides of it. We press our palms to the sides pf the arch, and darkness begins playing between it, almost touching it. The feeling of stepping through the arch is like skydiving, I know. Without a parachute.            She throws her hands up. â€Å"Nothing is true! Everything is permitted!†And jumps through the arch. The darkness swallows her, and wavers, as the machine starts working            Nikolas turns to me. â€Å"I think we will have a new one among us.†           I scrutinize the arch. The gate to the Other Side was reserved for those who did not deserve the Death Penalty. Especially those who committed the ultimate crime against humanity – destroyed the integrity of society by teaching younglings about souls before they were fully grown. This was the standard tactic of terrorists these days. Most return from the arch dead, a cruel death. It contains a realm of endless madness, among which, somewhere, is your own self, inflicting the insanity.            I know all about it. After all, I had once stood before the same gate myself.            The darkness wavers once more, as it spits out the woman who was Marjorie. Her eyes are dead now that she knows what she has been teaching her children. Sanity is limitation, after all. Those who break limitations too early, die to the world. Who survive death, learn to control limits.            Nikolas extends his hand to her. â€Å"Come.†He says soothingly. â€Å"You have much to learn.â€
Thursday, November 14, 2019
Effective Use of Dialogue in All the Pretty Horses Essay -- Pretty Ho
Effective Use of Dialogue in All the Pretty Horses All the Pretty Horses, by Cormac McCarthy, is, among other things, an exploration of its main character, John Grady Cole. The author chooses words carefully and sparingly when creating dialogue for Cole. In doing so, McCarthy creates poetic effects and rich meaning from limited verbiage. This novelist lets his readers get to know his main character largely through dialogue instead of through direct description. In this way, readers find the techniques used by McCarthy similar to those used by Ernest Hemingway in many of his books and short stories. Like the dialogue of Hemingway's protagonists, Cole's speech is sparse, but it is indicative of a great deal of meaning. In Cole's brief discourse, wise readers can find many individuality indicators that help us to understand this stoic character. The first verbal exchange of this novel only requires 17 words of Cole. The first twelve words tell us a great deal considering the limited number of words used: I appreciate you lighting the candle, he said. Como? La candela. La vela. (4) On the first line of Cole's dialogue, he shows his appreciation of a kindness done for him. This act suggests some goodness in his character. This sentence is in English. The person speaking with Cole in this scene replies in Spanish, and we find that our protagonist is at least bilingual in the next line when he replies to the other speaker in Spanish. The fact that Cole knows two different Spanish words for candle suggests a more extensive understanding of his second language. Readers will find that this is not the only example of individuality indicators expressed in Cole's speech. McCarth... ...r He decides" (60). John Grady Cole clearly does not state that the end of the world, or anything about the end of the world, will be effected by anything he does. Cole's God is in charge. Some readers may judge by word-count that Cole doesn't say very much in this novel, but such is not the case. Cormac McCarthy's protagonist, John Grady Cole, tells us a great deal about himself through his dialogue. The author of this book, like many contemporary writers, expects a lot of his readers, and rewards close examinations of his work with deep insights about his characters. The near-poetic density of the language of John Grady Cole helps the author to speak volumes without having to beat the reader over the head with obvious conclusions. "Evocal to the intelligent alone--for the rest they need interpreters." --Motto Pindar, Olympian Odes, 2:85-6
Tuesday, November 12, 2019
How to Fap
Ok FAP NOW PRIOR TO THE EXAMINATION: WRITING PRACTISES To produce a good narrative essay, first you need to brush up your grammar. It does not work if your grammar is not that good. Get help from your friends and english teacher especially because they know what they are doing; plus that is what they do – teach you! Buy if you can afford to, if not borrow grammar books, example of english essays, and anything that is related from friends or library of your school because by reading it will improve your english skills.There is always a friends that ‘master' a certain subject and for this identify your friends who have the highest marks in Continuous Writing among you. Read his/her essay and try to relate his/her writing to yours. It is not a bad thing to copy the way they write the essay as long as it involve study and education. Try to find time to write an additional essay (which is your own personal essay; not homework) for two or a week times and asked for your teache r's comments.As for me, I started to write additional essays after finishing my trial examination because my bahasa Inggeris grade was the lowest among the 10 subjects that I took. I started a bit late, but you should start NOW while you have the time. Believe me it helps a lot because for my trial I got a B but for the SPM examination I got an A+ for bahasa Inggeris and English GCE-O an 1A. English GCE-O is the marking standard of British English and it only takes the marks of your Continuous Writing. See how important it is for you to excel in Continuous Writing.
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