Tuesday, November 26, 2019
Kurds Identity
Kurds Identity What do we know about Kurds? Read about Kurds identity in this article. Hashtag: #CizreUnderAttack Kurds Identity Before the 1980s, little was known about the Kurds, a large ethnic group living in southeastern Turkey, due to the lack of academic institutions to fund and coordinate research, and other barriers. For instance, as the existence of a Kurdish nation in Turkey was traditionally ignored and being pursued as an official policy, the Turkish government limits the scope of studies on all aspects of Kurdish life. Academic debate and research were also severely suppressed by the hegemonic representation of the Kurds in the state’s discourse as a case of separatism, terrorism, and so on. Moreover, since the basis of this hegemonic representation was a state-sponsored classified research, it prevented researchers from questioning the officially recognized representation of the Kurds or engage in issues related to Kurdish society and culture. However, when the Kurdish national movement emerged and political activism in Turkey increased in the 1980s, studies addressing various issues and focusing on aspects of Kurdish society and politics were freely carried out and published. Some of these studies focus on Kurds origin and identity while others are more interested in conflict analysis, re-emergence, and evolution of Kurdish nationalism. As a stateless people who have been exposed to oppression, suffering, subordination, and forced migration, Kurds history, and origin, according to the literature relates to their struggles to gain independence and freedom. For this reason, the main components of Kurds identity include their homeland, the memory of the past, shared experiences, language, and national symbols. Their homeland, according to the literature is â€Å"Kurdistan†, a territory delineated by the Allies after World War I. Kurdistan consist of a two hundred thousand square miles of mountainous expanse and some 550,000 square kilometers of land spanning the present state boundaries of Turkey, Syria, Iraq, Iran, Armenia, and Azerbaijan. However, there are no internationally recognized Kurdistan territories and the term â€Å"Kurdistan†has been banned in Turkey since the 1920s. Yasar Kemal Is a Master of Word The delineation of Kurdistan resulted to the dispersal of the Kurds into nearby territories where they need to cope with varying socio-political and cultural conditions imposed on them. The dispersion in a way negates the possibility for the Kurds to have a fixed and essentialist Kurdish identity. Although most Kurds consider themselves as descendants of the ancient Medes, researchers view of Kurds identity still revolved around the demarcation of their homeland due to lack of written historical sources that could link them to ancient periods. Kurdish Nationalism Kurdish nationalism according to literature is one the most controversial and critical predicaments in the Middle East. For instance, since there are about 20 to 25 million Kurds live mostly in Turkey, Iraq, Iran, and Syria, Kurds effort to establish their own state not only resulted in numerous clashes with the government of the states in which the Kurds reside but claimed tens of thousands of lives. However, despite being a direct threat to the territorial integrity of the above states, the nature and origin of Kurdish nationalism remain unexplained and poorly studied. As a political ideology, Kurdish nationalism is inspired by collective identities, traditions, self-awareness, and imagined communities. In 1878 for instance, the Kurds who rebelled against the Ottoman Empire and invaded the Urmia region in Iran used the term â€Å"Kurdish nation†and expressed the need to unify the Kurds and create a Kurdish state. A Kurdish poet, on the other hand, edited and republished an epic poem in 1695 containing expressions of an independent Kurdish identity and the need for a Kurdish ruler. Similarly, â€Å"Kurdistan†, the first newspaper in the Kurdish language published in Cairo in 1898 was a step toward Kurdish self-awareness or awakening possibly leading the creation of a Kurdish state. The Fall of the Ottoman Empire Tells Us about Modern Events The Kurdish question in Turkey is still defined by the separatist tracks of Kurdish nationalism, but with less radical inkling and seeks cultural recognition and political equality within the confines of democracy. In fact, many scholars believed that since violent demands for recognition is often met with equally violent Turkish strategies, Kurdish nationalism needs to be decoupled from ethnic violence and essentialism.
Saturday, November 23, 2019
Guide to Past Simple and Past Continuous Verb Tenses
Guide to Past Simple and Past Continuous Verb Tenses There are two principal past tenses used to make general statements about the past: The past simple and the past continuous. The two tenses are quite different. Use the past simple to talk about an event which happened at some point in time in the past. Tom flew to Chicago last week.Peter visited his friends in Florida two months ago. If you are a teacher, use this guide on how to teach the past simple tense for more help. The past continuous is usually used to refer to events happening at the same time that something important happened in the past. They were doing their homework when she arrived.Jack was studying while Dave was cooking dinner. The past continuous is also used to express what was happening at a precise moment in the past. I was attending a lecture at 2.30 yesterday afternoon.Alice was reading a book at six yesterday evening. If you are a teacher, use this guide on how to teach the past continuous tense for more help. Past Simple Structure Positive Subject Verb ed OR Irregular Past Form Objects I, You, He, She, We, They played golf yesterday afternoon.I, You, He, She, We, They went lunch at noon. Negative Subject did not (didnt) Verb Objects I, You, He, She, We, They didnt go on vacation last summer. Subject did not (doesnt) Verb Objects Questions (Why, What, etc.) did Subject Verb Objects? Did I, you, we, they attend the meeting last week? Past Continuous Structure Positive Subject conjugate the helping verb be verb -ing. I was, You were, He was, She was, We were, You were, They were watching TV when I arrived. Negative Subject conjugate the helping verb be not verb -ing. I wasnt, You werent, He wasnt, She wasnt, We werent, You werent, They werent working when he came into the room. Questions Question word conjugate the helping verb be subject verb -ing What were you, they doing at seven oclock?What was I, he, she doing at seven oclock? More Guides for Past Simple These guides were prepared especially for beginners and include dialogues and a short quiz. Past simple with the verb to be for beginnersPast simple with regular and irregular verbs for beginners Teach a Lesson About the Past Simple and Past Continuous Here are lessons on the site which focus on the past simple or past continuous and their use with other tenses.Then - Now - integration lesson for upper-level students.Time Expressions - past simple and present perfect compared and contrasted.Integrating Past Continuous - integrating past continuous into writing.Guilty! - communication lesson using a variety of past tenses. Activities With the Past Simple and Past Continuous Some activities that will help you practice: What Were You Doing? - Use of the past continuous in combination with the past simple.A Holiday in Italy - Describing a past holiday.Time Expressions and Tenses.
Thursday, November 21, 2019
Somatization Disorder Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words
Somatization Disorder - Research Paper Example The ‘somatic’ symptoms that characterize the condition cause impairment, which impedes normal functioning and could cause significant distress. Hysteria is not common in the general populace. However, the condition occurs in 0.2% of males and 0.2% to 2% of females (Lichstein, 1986). Research has proven variation in occurrence, which is attributable to cultural differences. For example, the condition is significantly prevalent in Puerto Rico when compared to other regions (Glorisa et al. 2000). Approximately 10% to 20% percent of first-degree female relatives have the disorder, whereas; the male relatives exhibit heightened levels of sociopathy and alcoholism. Epidemiological studies also show that there is co-morbidity with other conditions of a psychological nature such as anxiety disorders, mood disorders and personality disorders such as dependent, narcissistic, borderline, avoidant, histrionic and antisocial personality disorders (Robert & Gold, 2008). Patients with somatization disorder display various physical complaints which may last for years. This complaint often includes chronic pain and problems in the reproductive, nervous and digestive systems. Stress has been found to worsen the problem and the symptoms often interfere with both relationships and work as patients seek medical attention (Lichstein, 1986). Diagnosis and other evaluations do not explain the symptoms or they may exceed expectations when compared to any medical illness of a similar nature that may be found. Symptom categories that may be experienced include: Somatization disorder starts prior to age 30 and is more prevalent among women than in men. The condition often affects people with chronic pain and irritable bowel syndrome. Somatisation disorder was in the past thought to relate to emotional stress, and the resultant pain was dismissed as a creation of the mind (Pribor et al. 1993).
Tuesday, November 19, 2019
Consepts in political science Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words
Consepts in political science - Essay Example This also implies that democracy could also create tyrants out of the majority, since it would be expected that they would be able to give representations as to what the public needs, without having to answer for any from the minorities. Thus, while the democracy in America during Tocqueville’s time may have been borne out of the need for changes, there was still more work to be needed. Due to this view, he was able to generate the idea that democracy is a dynamic concept, which has no stopping at any point, and is constantly remodeled and reformulated to suit the needs of the people (Hoffman and Graham 140). In line with democracy, other principles such as self-accountability in maintaining peace and order in a society were also developed. One of the most influential essays to be written, Mill’s work On Liberty discusses the main premise that freedom must start from the happiness, or intended pleasure of the people (Hoffman and Graham 40). Identifying with this kind of freedom would make sure that the peace and order within a group of people would be maintained, since the citizens experiencing liberty are expected to be satisfied and content. Also, by implementing such humane principles of freedom, the lives of human beings grow into a distinct and separate existence from animals (Hoffman and Graham 41). In Mill’s belief, in order to be fully recognized as a rational human being, the ability to think, express ideas, and to live as one chooses to without doing any intended harm would be the ultimate expression of freedom (Hoffman and Graham 41). While Mill’s definition of freedom and liberty may seem at most utopian, this kind of freedom would only be effective if it is rightfully exercised, without the... In this essay, three ideas of well-known writers of political ideas, John Stuart Mill, Alexis de Tocqueville, and John Rawls will be discussed, as well as the federalist ideas of a group of writers under the pen name Publius would be summarized. The impact of their ideas or the possible influence in affecting the participation of citizens in politics would also be integrated in the course of the analysis. Democracy as seen from a foreigner’s viewpoint can be read in Alexis de Tocqueville’s book titled Democracy in America. Coming from a country where political power was previously owned by the aristocrats, Tocqueville wanted to see how a country such as the United State would be implementing democracy despite having not many leaders with deep political roots. In line with democracy, other principles such as self-accountability in maintaining peace and order in a society were also developed. In Mill’s belief, in order to be fully recognized as a rational human bei ng, the ability to think, express ideas, and to live as one chooses to without doing any intended harm would be the ultimate expression of freedom. In his book, A Theory of Justice, Rawls presented methods on how to distribute resources to all of the citizens as equally as possible. In conclusion, the essay reminds that in defining democracy as a political method, politicians are elected based on the number of votes. The main role of the people is to select the candidate whom they see as the most appropriate in the position (Hoffman and Graham 107).
Sunday, November 17, 2019
Trial By the Mirror Essay Example for Free
Trial By the Mirror Essay â€Å"Underneath the shadows of the other side of time If there is a hell then there must be a behind†-Insane Clown Posse, â€Å"Echo Side†           She is led into the room by two strong men, plump and middle age. The dark blonde hair quivers as she sobs. Her legs tremble and give way, and her eyes, fallen in deeply an a face that was formerly round, are pleading. She is flopped down onto the chair designated for those condemned to the Highest Measure, and looks at us, holding clenched hands to her mouth.            We – Nikolas and I – look at her indifferently.            â€Å"Marjorie Penant. Nickolas states.            She nods numbly.            â€Å"You have killed†He starts repeating her sentence to her. We are required to do it. Psychological torture it may be, but its part of the common procedure now. Something required before we finish our job. It is difficult otherwise, to            â€Å"I have killed no one!†Her voice rings out suddenly, kicking my train of thought off track. Damn condemned!            Yet this just may have been worth interrupting my musings for a moment. Most condemned lose all sense of will before the Highest Measure. She stands now, shaking not with fear, but with rage. Nikolas nods slightly, his perpetual boredom somewhat alleviated. Interesting – and it would seem its my turn to speak.            â€Å"Really?†Only one word. I know my voice is darkly musical. This is my gift, my power, so to speak.            The word echoes almost visibly through her body, making her consider and reconsider, invoking into her things that she might not want to remember, as forceful as the call of hunger after many days of starvation. She covers her ears, and stands erect for a couple of seconds, only to fall to the floor with a shriek. â€Å"N-no!!!†           My lips curl into a smirk. As expected. Ninety-nine percent of humans cant stand my voice sBut whats this?            â€Å"I Killed Nobody†She grunts through clenched teeth. â€Å"Ive Killed NOBODY!†           I cast a glance at Nikolas, who calmly continues reading her sentence. â€Å"You have killed three children, by exposing them to Matters of the Soul early.†           She raises a tear-stained face, and her voice is strangely clear, as she pronounces: â€Å"I. Killed. Not. One. Of. Them.†She sits up with obvious difficulty. â€Å"Your system did.†           â€Å"You went against it. And took them with you.†Nikolas says calmly.            â€Å"Because its nonsense!†She says sharply.            I raise an eyebrow calmly. Looks like I was mistaken in my first impression. She is not the simpleton she initially looked to be. I had even wondered why she earned her measure. I no longer wonder.            â€Å"Really?†You are despicable – this is what my voice says this time. You decided their fates, and their deaths are only your fault. You should cry with relief that we are a humane society and merely killed them – not did what we are going to do to you. Be self-contemptuous, be afraid, be dead – my voice commands it all.            â€Å"Nonsense!†She gasps stubbornly. â€Å"Th The soul Isnt something to be taken away by the likes of you!!†           â€Å"Pedagogue.†Nikolas says calmly. â€Å"Parts of the soul are shown as a human being gets older. Gradually. It does no harm this way.†           â€Å"And destroys our humanity!†She says proudly.            So typical of the old-style humanists. Nikolas looks to me. â€Å"Laas?†           â€Å"You destroy it yourself.†I add calmly. â€Å"Was it not you who cried for your life a minute ago?†           â€Å"I cried for the lives of my children.†She replies dryly. â€Å"Not for my own. It is in no danger.†           â€Å"You have been condemned to meeting yourself.†Nikolas finishes the sentence. And then adds; â€Å"You are wrong when you think your life is in no danger. You have been through meeting with parts of your soul.†           â€Å"And they have taught me much.†She raises her chin proudly.            â€Å"The shadows do not teach.†I frown. â€Å"They take away.†           She looks upon me with an expression I have not seen since my initiation. It is pity. â€Å"Then you were unable to cope with their lessons. As the fourth child was unable to cope with mine. And it will kill you. As it killed them.†           â€Å"And you.†I reply.            â€Å"No.†She says simply. â€Å"Go on. I want no other last words.†           I and Nikolas silently lead her to the silver arch. She is left under it, as we walk to the sides of it. We press our palms to the sides pf the arch, and darkness begins playing between it, almost touching it. The feeling of stepping through the arch is like skydiving, I know. Without a parachute.            She throws her hands up. â€Å"Nothing is true! Everything is permitted!†And jumps through the arch. The darkness swallows her, and wavers, as the machine starts working            Nikolas turns to me. â€Å"I think we will have a new one among us.†           I scrutinize the arch. The gate to the Other Side was reserved for those who did not deserve the Death Penalty. Especially those who committed the ultimate crime against humanity – destroyed the integrity of society by teaching younglings about souls before they were fully grown. This was the standard tactic of terrorists these days. Most return from the arch dead, a cruel death. It contains a realm of endless madness, among which, somewhere, is your own self, inflicting the insanity.            I know all about it. After all, I had once stood before the same gate myself.            The darkness wavers once more, as it spits out the woman who was Marjorie. Her eyes are dead now that she knows what she has been teaching her children. Sanity is limitation, after all. Those who break limitations too early, die to the world. Who survive death, learn to control limits.            Nikolas extends his hand to her. â€Å"Come.†He says soothingly. â€Å"You have much to learn.â€
Thursday, November 14, 2019
Effective Use of Dialogue in All the Pretty Horses Essay -- Pretty Ho
Effective Use of Dialogue in All the Pretty Horses All the Pretty Horses, by Cormac McCarthy, is, among other things, an exploration of its main character, John Grady Cole. The author chooses words carefully and sparingly when creating dialogue for Cole. In doing so, McCarthy creates poetic effects and rich meaning from limited verbiage. This novelist lets his readers get to know his main character largely through dialogue instead of through direct description. In this way, readers find the techniques used by McCarthy similar to those used by Ernest Hemingway in many of his books and short stories. Like the dialogue of Hemingway's protagonists, Cole's speech is sparse, but it is indicative of a great deal of meaning. In Cole's brief discourse, wise readers can find many individuality indicators that help us to understand this stoic character. The first verbal exchange of this novel only requires 17 words of Cole. The first twelve words tell us a great deal considering the limited number of words used: I appreciate you lighting the candle, he said. Como? La candela. La vela. (4) On the first line of Cole's dialogue, he shows his appreciation of a kindness done for him. This act suggests some goodness in his character. This sentence is in English. The person speaking with Cole in this scene replies in Spanish, and we find that our protagonist is at least bilingual in the next line when he replies to the other speaker in Spanish. The fact that Cole knows two different Spanish words for candle suggests a more extensive understanding of his second language. Readers will find that this is not the only example of individuality indicators expressed in Cole's speech. McCarth... ...r He decides" (60). John Grady Cole clearly does not state that the end of the world, or anything about the end of the world, will be effected by anything he does. Cole's God is in charge. Some readers may judge by word-count that Cole doesn't say very much in this novel, but such is not the case. Cormac McCarthy's protagonist, John Grady Cole, tells us a great deal about himself through his dialogue. The author of this book, like many contemporary writers, expects a lot of his readers, and rewards close examinations of his work with deep insights about his characters. The near-poetic density of the language of John Grady Cole helps the author to speak volumes without having to beat the reader over the head with obvious conclusions. "Evocal to the intelligent alone--for the rest they need interpreters." --Motto Pindar, Olympian Odes, 2:85-6
Tuesday, November 12, 2019
How to Fap
Ok FAP NOW PRIOR TO THE EXAMINATION: WRITING PRACTISES To produce a good narrative essay, first you need to brush up your grammar. It does not work if your grammar is not that good. Get help from your friends and english teacher especially because they know what they are doing; plus that is what they do – teach you! Buy if you can afford to, if not borrow grammar books, example of english essays, and anything that is related from friends or library of your school because by reading it will improve your english skills.There is always a friends that ‘master' a certain subject and for this identify your friends who have the highest marks in Continuous Writing among you. Read his/her essay and try to relate his/her writing to yours. It is not a bad thing to copy the way they write the essay as long as it involve study and education. Try to find time to write an additional essay (which is your own personal essay; not homework) for two or a week times and asked for your teache r's comments.As for me, I started to write additional essays after finishing my trial examination because my bahasa Inggeris grade was the lowest among the 10 subjects that I took. I started a bit late, but you should start NOW while you have the time. Believe me it helps a lot because for my trial I got a B but for the SPM examination I got an A+ for bahasa Inggeris and English GCE-O an 1A. English GCE-O is the marking standard of British English and it only takes the marks of your Continuous Writing. See how important it is for you to excel in Continuous Writing.
Saturday, November 9, 2019
The Different Forms and Styles of Essay Writing
eEssay An essay is a piece of writing which is often written from an author's personal point of view. Essays can consist of a number of elements, including: literary criticism, political manifestos, learned arguments, observations of daily life, recollections, and reflections of the author. The definition of an essay is vague, overlapping with those of an article and a short story. Almost all modern essays are written in prose, but works in verse have been dubbed essays (e. g. Alexander Pope's An Essay on Criticism and An Essay on Man).While brevity usually defines an essay, voluminous works like John Locke's An Essay Concerning Human Understanding and Thomas Malthus's An Essay on the Principle of Population are counterexamples. â€â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€- Forms and styles This section describes the different forms and st yles of essay writing. These forms and styles are used by a range of authors, including university students and professional essayists. Cause and effect The defining features of a â€Å"cause and effect†essay are causal chains that connect from a cause to an effect, careful language, and chronological or emphatic order.A writer using this rhetorical method must consider the subject, determine the purpose, consider the audience, think critically about different causes or consequences, consider a thesis statement, arrange the parts, consider the language, and decide on a conclusion. Classification and division Classification is the categorization of objects into a larger whole while division is the breaking of a larger whole into smaller parts Compare and contrast Compare and contrast essays are characterized by a basis for comparison, points of comparison, and analogies.It is grouped by object (chunking) or by point (sequential). Comparison highlights the similarities between two or more similar objects while contrasting highlights the differences between two or more objects. When writing a compare/contrast essay, writers need to determine their purpose, consider their audience, consider the basis and points of comparison, consider their thesis statement, arrange and develop the comparison, and reach a conclusion. Compare and contrast is arranged emphatically. DescriptiveDescriptive writing is characterized by sensory details, which appeal to the physical senses, and details that appeal to a reader's emotional, physical, or intellectual sensibilities. Determining the purpose, considering the audience, creating a dominant impression, using descriptive language, and organizing the description are the rhetorical choices to be considered when using a description. A description is usually arranged spatially but can also be chronological or emphatic. The focus of a description is the scene.Description uses tools such as denotative languag e, connotative language, figurative language, metaphor, and simile to arrive at a dominant impression. [9] One university essay guide states that â€Å"descriptive writing says what happened or what another author has discussed; it provides an account of the topic†. Lyric essays are an important form of descriptive essays. Dialectic In the dialectic form of essay, which is commonly used in Philosophy, the writer makes a thesis and argument, then objects to their own argument (with a counterargument), but then counters the counterargument with a final and novel argument.This form benefits from being more open-minded while countering a possible flaw that some may present. Exemplification An exemplification essay is characterized by a generalization and relevant, representative, and believable examples including anecdotes. Writers need to consider their subject, determine their purpose, consider their audience, decide on specific examples, and arrange all the parts together when writing an exemplification essay. [ Familiar A familiar essay is one in which the essayist speaks as if to a single reader.He speaks about both himself and a particular subject. Anne Fadimannotes that â€Å"the genre's heyday was the early nineteenth century,†and that its greatest exponent was Charles Lamb. [13] She also suggests that while critical essays have more brain than heart, and personal essays have more heart than brain, familiar essays have equal measures of both History (thesis) A history essay, sometimes referred to as a thesis essay, will describe an argument or claim about one or more historical events and will support that claim with evidence, arguments and references.The text makes it clear to the reader why the argument or claim is as such. [15] Narrative A narrative uses tools such as flashbacks, flash-forwards, and transitions that often build to a climax. The focus of a narrative is the plot . When creating a narrative, authors must determine their purpose, consider their audience, establish their point of view, use dialogue, and organize the narrative. A narrative is usually arranged chronologically. Critical A critical essay is an argumentative piece of writing, aimed at presenting objective analysis of the subject matter, narrowed down to a single topic.The main idea of all the criticism is to provide an opinion either of positive or negative implication. As such, a critical essay requires research and analysis, strong internal logic and sharp structure. Each argument should be supported with sufficient evidence, relevant to the point. Other logical structures The logical progression and organizational structure of an essay can take many forms. Understanding how the movement of thought is managed through an essay has a profound impact on its overall cogency and ability to impress.A number of alternative logical structures for essays have been visualized as diagrams, making them easy to implement or adapt in the construction of an argument. I just don’t know how these people live their lives pointing out the imperfections of other people? To think that those good people have nothing against them, and still they make issues about them. Isn’t it very immature of you to talk about other people everyday? Don’t you like get tired of being mean? Yeah, some people have rough edges, but is it right to blurt them out to everybody?To like tell everybody that this guy or this girl have these weird allergy and stuff, do you feel good about yourselves spreading those to everybody? â€Å"But I’m just saying the truth† – B*tch please, being honest is different from being a rude. If you have nothing good to say about others, then shut it. They don’t live their lives for you. They don’t live to impress you, and to be perfect just to hear your applauses. Whores, better stop whor in’ about other people ‘cause mature people wouldn’t stoop down to your level. You’re just proving how uneducated you are in terms of morals.
Thursday, November 7, 2019
The british colonial experienc essays
The british colonial experienc essays When Christopher Columbus first landed on the island of Hispaniola, he had no concept of what his voyage had discovered. A New World; with boundless land and new frontiers for exploration. Political issues and the powerful Spain prevented England from any ventures into New World colonization. In 1584, Sir Walter Ralegh founded the first English settlement. Roanoke, Virginia, named for the countrys queen, was a disaster from the start. Poor land choice and much difficulty with the Indians led to a failed community. By 1586, when Sir Francis Drake visited Roanoke, the town was dead. No one reason for the disappearance of Roanoke can be found; some believe that the colonists may have been attacked by Indians, or suffered simply from the weather. Theorists believe that several of the occupants left to join native communities. The failure of Roanoke discouraged many Englishmen. No aristocrats were willing to subject themselves or families to famine and disease. Horror stories flooded England, and people did not want to leave. Richard Hakluyt and several others saw the New World as a chance for English advancement. Hakluyt wrote on the many positives colonization could bring to England. Hakluyt cited God, Gold and Glory to raise English nationalism and encourage New World colonization. The beginning of semi-successful English colonization did not occur until almost twenty years later with the settlement of Jamestown. Jamestown would be followed by distinctly different colonies that were founded by Englishmen as time moved on. Jamestown, Virginia was named for King James who gave the London Company a charter to settle there. In 1806, Sir Thomas Smith sailed for the New World. Only men came to Jamestown in 1806. The settlers picked a plot of land that they decided would be a perfect spot to protect against Spanish invasion. The men promptly built a fort to secure the colony. They didnt build schoolhouses or churches. The ...
Tuesday, November 5, 2019
War of the First Coalition in 1790s France
War of the First Coalition in 1790s France The French Revolution led to much of Europe going to war in the mid-1790s. Some belligerents wanted to put Louis XVI back on a throne, many had other agendas like gaining territory or, in the case of some in France, creating a French Republic. A coalition of European powers formed to fight France, but this ‘First Coalition’ was just one of seven which would be needed to bring peace to the majority of Europe. The early phase of that mammoth conflict, the war of the First Coalition, is also known as the French Revolutionary Wars, and they are often overlooked by the arrival of a certain Napoleon Bonaparte, who transformed them into his conflict. The Start of the French Revolutionary Wars By 1791 the French Revolution had transformed France and worked to tear down the powers of the old, nationally absolutist, regime. King Louis XVI was reduced to a form of house arrest. Part of his court hoped that a foreign, royalist army would march into France and restore the king, who had asked for help from abroad. But for many months the other states of Europe refused to help. Austria, Prussia, Russia and the Ottoman Empires had been involved in a series of power struggles in Eastern Europe and had been less worried about the French king than their own jostling for positions until Poland, stuck in the middle, followed France by declaring a new constitution. Austria now tried to form an alliance that would threaten France into submission and stops the eastern rivals from fighting. France and the revolution had thus been sheltered while it progressed but became a useful distraction with land which could be taken. On August 2nd, 1791 the King of Prussia and the Holy Roman Emperor seemed to declare an interest in war when they issued the Declaration of Pillnitz. However, Pillnitz was designed to frighten the French revolutionaries and support the French who supported the king, not start a war. Indeed, the text of the declaration was worded to make war, in theory, impossible. But the emigres, agitating for war, and the revolutionaries, who were both paranoid, took it the wrong way. An official Austro-Prussian alliance was only concluded in February 1792. The other Great Powers were now looking at French hungrily, but this did not automatically mean war. However the emigres - people who had fled France - were promising to return with foreign armies to restore the king, and while Austria turned them down, German princes humored them, upsetting the French and provoking a call for action. There were forces in France (the Girondins or Brissotins) who wanted to take pre-emptive action, hoping that war would enable them to oust the king and declare a republic: the king’s failure to surrender to constitutional monarchy left the door open for him to be replaced. Some monarchists supported the call for war in the hope foreign armies would march in and restore their king. (One opponent of the war was called Robespierre.) On April 20th France’s National Assembly declared war on Austria after the Emperor helpfully tried another careful threat. The result was Europe reacting and the formation of the First Coalition, which was first between Austria and Prussia but was then joined by Britain and Spain. It would take seven coalitions to permanently end the wars now started. The First Coalition was aimed less at ending the revolution and more on gaining territory, and the French less as exporting revolution than getting a republic. The Fall of the King The revolution had wrought havoc on the French forces, as many of the officers had fled the country. The French force was thus an amalgam of the remaining royal army, the patriotic rush of new men, and conscripts. When the Army of the North clashed with the Austrians at Lille they were easily defeated and it cost the French a commander, as Rochambeau quit in protest at the problems he faced. He fared better than General Dillon, who was lynched by his own men. Rochambeau was replaced by the French hero of the American Revolutionary War, Lafayette, but as violence erupted in Paris, he debated whether to march on it and install a new order and when the army wasn’t keen he fled to Austria. France organized four armies to form a defensive cordon. By mid-August, the main coalition army was invading mainland France. Led by Prussia’s Duke of Brunswick it had 80,000 men drawn from central Europe, it took fortresses such as Verdun and closed on Paris. The Army of the Centre seemed like little opposition, and there was a terror in Paris. This was largely due to the fear the Prussian army would flatten Paris and slaughter the residents, a fear caused largely by Brunswick’s promise to do just that if the king or his family were harmed or insulted. Unfortunately, Paris had done exactly that: the crowd had killed their way to the king and taken him prisoner and now feared retribution. Massive paranoia and a fear of traitors also fuelled the panic. It caused a massacre in the prisons and over a thousand dead. The Army of the North, now under Dumouriez had been focusing on Belgium, but marched down to aid the Centre and defend the Argonne; they were pushed back. The Prussian king (also present) gave orders and entered into a battle with the French at Valmy on September 20th, 1792. The French won, Brunswick being unable to commit his army against a larger and well defended French position and so fell back. A determined French effort might have shattered Brunswick, but none came; even so, he withdrew, and the hopes of the French monarchy went with him. A republic was established, in large part due to the war. The rest of the year saw a mixture of French successes and failures, but the revolutionary armies took Nice, Savoy, the Rhineland and in October, under Demouriez, Brussels, and Antwerp after swamping the Austrians at Jemappes. However, Valmy was the victory that would inspire French resolve over the next years. The coalition had moved half-heartedly, and the French had survived. This success left the government to hurriedly come up with some war aims: the so-called ‘Natural Frontiers’ and the idea of freeing oppressed peoples were adopted. This caused further alarm in the international world. 1793 France began 1793 in a belligerent mood, executing their old king and declaring war on Britain, Spain, Russia, the Holy Roman Empire, most of Italy and The United Provinces, despite roughly 75% of their commissioned officers having left the army. The influx of tens of thousands of passionate volunteers helped strengthen the remains of the royal army. However, the Holy Roman Empire decided to go on the offensive and France was now outnumbered; conscription followed, and areas of France rebelled as a result. Prince Frederick of Saxe-Coburg led the Austrians and Dumouriez rushed down from the Austrian Netherlands to fight but was defeated. Dumouriez knew he’d be accused of treason and had had enough, so he asked his army to march on Paris and when they refused fled to the coalition. The next General up - Dampierre - was killed in battle and the next - Custine - was defeated by the enemy and guillotined by the French. All along the borders coalition forces were closing in - f rom Spain, through the Rhineland. The British managed to occupy Toulon when it rebelled, seizing the Mediterranean fleet. France’s government now declared a ‘Levà ©e en Masse’, which basically mobilized/conscripted all adult males for the defense of the nation. There was uproar, rebellion and a flood of manpower, but both the Committee of Public Safety and the France they ruled had the resources to equip this army, the organization to run it, new tactics to make it effective, and it worked. It also started the first Total War and began the Terror. Now France had 500,000 soldiers in four main forces. Carnot, the Committee of Public Safety man behind the reforms was called the ‘organiser of Victory’ for his success, and he may have prioritized an attack in the north. Houchard was now commanding the Army of the North, and he used a mixture of old regime professionalism with sheer weight of conscript numbers, together with coalition mistakes which divided their forces and gave inadequate support, to force the coalition back, but he also fell to French guillotines after accusations doubting his effort: he was accused of not follow up victory quick enough. Jourdan was the next man up. He relieved the siege of Maubeuge and won the battle of Wattignies in October 1793, while Toulon was liberated thanks, in part, to an artillery officer called Napoleon Bonaparte. The rebel army in the Vendà ©e was broken, and the frontiers generally forced back east. By the end of the year the provinces were broken, Flanders cleared, France expanding, and Alsace liberated. The French army was proving fast, flexible, well supported and able to absorb more losses than the enemy, and could thus fight more often. 1794 In 1794 France reorganized armies and moved commanders about, but the successes kept coming. Victories at Tourcoing, Tournai, and Hooglede occurred before Jourdan once more took control, and the French were finally able to successfully cross the Sambre after many attempts, beating Austria at Fleurus, and by the end of June had thrown the allies out of Belgium and the Dutch Republic, taking Antwerp and Brussels. Centuries of Austrian involved in the region had been halted. Spanish forces were repelled and parts of Catalonia taken, the Rhineland was also taken, and the borders of France were now safe; parts of Genoa were now also French. The French soldiers were constantly boosted by patriotic propaganda and a huge number of texts sent out to them. France was still producing more soldiers and more equipment than its rivals, but they also executed 67 generals that year. However, the revolutionary government didn’t dare disband the armies and let these soldiers flood back into France to destabilize the nation, and neither could the faltering French finances support the armies on French soil. The solution was to carry the war abroad, ostensibly to safeguard the revolution, but also to get the glory and booty the government needed for support: the motives behind the French actions had already changed before Napoleon arrived. However, the success in 1794 had been partly due to war breaking out again in the east, as Austria, Prussia, and Russia sliced up a Poland fighting to survive; it lost and was taken off the map. Poland had in many ways helped France by distracting and dividing the coalition, and Prussia scaled -down war efforts in the west, happy with gains in the east. Meanwhile, Britain was sucking up French colonies, the French navy is unable to work at sea with a devastated officer corps. 1795 France was now able to capture more of the northwest coastline, and conquered and changed Holland into the new Batavian Republic (and took its fleet). Prussia, satisfied with Polish land, gave up and came to terms, as did a number of other nations, until only Austria and Britain remained at war with France. Landings designed to aid French rebels - such as at Quiberon - failed, and Jourdan’s attempts to invade Germany were frustrated, in no small part to a French commander following others and fleeing to the Austrians. At the end of the year, the government in France changed to the Directory and a new constitution. This government gave the executive - Five Directors - too little power over war, and they had to manage a legislature which continually preached spreading the revolution by force. While the Directors were, in many ways, keen on the war, their options were limited, and their control over their generals questionable. They planned a two front campaign: attack Britai n through Ireland, and Austria on land. A storm stopped the former, while the Franco-Austrian war in Germany went back and forth. 1796 The French forces were now split largely between operations in Italy and Germany, all aimed at Austria, the only major enemy left on the mainland. The Directory hoped Italy would provide plunder and land to be exchanged for territory in Germany, where Jourdan and Moreau (who both had priority) were fighting a new enemy commander: Archduke Charles of Austria; he had 90,000 men. The French force was disadvantaged as they lacked cash and supplies, and the target region had suffered several years of depredation by the armies. Jourdan and Moreau advanced into Germany, at which point Charles tried to force them apart before the Austrians united and attacked. Charles managed to defeat Jourdan first at Amberg in late August and again at Wà ¼rzberg in early September, and the French agreed an armistice having been pushed back to the Rhone. Moreau decided to follow suit. Charles’ campaign was marked by sending his surgeon over to assist a famed and injured French General. In Italy, Napoleon Bonaparte was given the command. He stormed through the region, winning battle after battle against armies who divided their forces. 1797 Napoleon secured control of northern Italy and fought his way close enough to Austria’s capital of Vienna to make them come to terms. Meanwhile, in Germany, without Archduke Charles - who had been sent to face Napoleon - the Austrians were pushed back by French forces before Napoleon had forced the peace in the south. Napoleon dictated the peace himself, and the Treaty of Campo Formio expanded the boundaries of France (they kept Belgium) and created new states (Lombardy joined the new Cisalpine Republic) and left the Rhineland for a conference to decide. Napoleon was now the most famous general in Europe. The only major French setback was a naval battle at Cape St. Vincent, where one Captain Horatio Nelson assisted a British victory over French and allied ships, which were notionally readying for an invasion of Britain. With Russia far away and pleading financial weakness, only Britain remained both at war and close to France.
Sunday, November 3, 2019
Development attraction & retainment of employees Essay
Development attraction & retainment of employees - Essay Example There are situations where employees discuss their working conditions in the social media, and in such a situation the fall is usually on the employee who can not do anything to the employee (Jackson 2011). Many organizations find it a challenge developing a strategy that supports effectual talent acquisition; and this is overlooked mostly because most of the resources that are to be used for this are put into other things that are said to be ‘more important’. However, human resource planning is fundamental to the proficient management and prolonged success of a business, organization or even starting up companies. Often, many organizational administrators, due to circumstances overlook how resources are managed which leads to mismanaged top rank departments. Poor human resource management has both immediate and long term consequences on how the organization functions, policies of employee recruitment and management, and most importantly organizations profitability. More over, the one that has the greatest impact on an organization is employee development, attraction and retaining them; the heart of any organization are the employees and they also determine how successful it will be. When employees are denied some or all the required resources it creates poor working conditions not to mention the environment; moreover, an ineffectual and inadequately functioning department reflects the general condition of dealings in that particular organization and that it is not in any good condition to compete in the market. It also shows that; there isn’t any coordination or communication, poor decision making and grave blunders between the departments and the managerial sector (Dutta 2013). Significantly, in such a situation employee training and development strategies are improperly budgeted for and chances for recruiting or even attracting new employees are eliminated; additionally, the general goals and objectives of the organization are not met. The similar attitude of the high management and the human resources department quickly spreads across all the other departments and employee pecking orders; it affects the work ethics, causes personality conflicts and systematically eliminates team work (Sylvia 2013). Employees lack motivation and they do not put much of their skills and capabilities in the organization. Some employees are at their worst in negative working environments; and in cases where they are not motivated, lack of inducement and acknowledgment they automatically end up performing poorly and work output is of low quality. Employee recruitment and selection is an incessant sequence; and this mostly influenced by organization’s need for business growth, expansion strategies and requirements to complete or start off certain projects or assignments. In an organization that is mismanaged, human resources personnel with an apathetic outlook on things, poor or lack of communication with the administrators are not in any situation to address their requirements in the aspect of labor force (Jackson 2009). As a result, open vacancies and employment postings remain vacant; and in cases whe
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